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Academic Calendar 2009 UNDERGRADUATE COURSE INFORMATION Biology (S)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS




Biology (S)

Note:  In order to find a course in the new 4 digit numbering system using an old 3 digit number, please refer to the conversion list below. Before registering for courses with the new 4 digit numbering system, please ensure that you have not previously taken the course in its 3 digit form.

Click here for conversion list of former 3-digit course numbers.

Biology 1222 - General Biology
The fundamental principles of biology with the integration of global issues. Topics will include genetics, cell biology, ecology and evolution, bioenergetics, and plant and animal physiology.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 1223 and Biology 1225.
Prerequisite(s): Grade 12U (SB14U) Biology with a minimum mark of 80%.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory/tutorial hours, 1.0 course.         
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Biology 1223 - Introductory Biology
Content similar to that of Biology 1222.  The course is restricted to students who have not passed OAC Biology in the last three years or who have received less than 80% in OAC Biology or Grade 12U (SBI4U) Biology.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 1222, Biology 1225.
Prerequisite(s):
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 3 laboratory/tutorial hours, 1.0 course.
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Biology 1225 - An Introduction to the Biology of Organisms
A study of the whole organism with emphasis on organization, growth, development, integration, reproduction and heredity.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 1222, 1223,  the former Biology 026.
Prerequisite(s):
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 1.0 course.
Biology 1225 is not intended to serve as a prerequisite for other Biology courses and will not fulfill the requirements for entry into the Biology modules.
Offered only by Distance Studies.
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Biology 1229F/G - The Nature of Biological Things
This course will focus on the science underlying current (or past) ideas about natural history. Typically, three lectures to explore specific topics (for example the suicide of lemmings, or folklore about vampires) and the fourth lecture in any series is used for general discussion.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s):
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
May not be taken for credit by students registered in either the Faculty of Science or the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry.
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Biology 1290B - Biology and Microorganisms
The fundamental principles of biology with emphasis on cell function and the role of microorganisms in public health, sanitation, food, and nutrition. Restricted to Food and Nutrition modules or by permission of the Department of Biology.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Grade 12U (SBI4U) Biology.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
Note: May not be taken for credit by students registered in any modules offered by either the Faculty of Science or the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry.
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Biology 2001A/B - Genetics in Everyday Life
This course will promote awareness of how genetic principles and technologies underlie such aspects of daily life as ageing, reproductive technologies, environmental mutagenesis, molecular genealogy, companion animal breeding, emerging diseases, endangered species, genetic discrimination (eugenics), genetic engineering and forensics.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s):
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
Note: May not be taken for credit by students registered in any module offered by either the Faculty of Science or the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry.
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Biology 2217B - Plants as a Human Resource
An introduction to economically important plants and their products, especially as sources of food, fuel, drugs and industrial raw materials. National and international programs relating to food and other plant resources.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 1222, Biology 1223, or registration in Human Ecology or Foods and Nutrition modules.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 2240F/G - Invertebrate Biology
An introduction to the morphology of the invertebrate phyla and discussion of theories explaining the evolution of invertebrate body forms.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 2241Z
Prerequisite(s): Biology 1222 or 1223.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 2241Z - Biology of Invertebrates
An introduction to the invertebrate phyla, their relationships and evolution. Online material, linked to an evolutionary tree framework, introduces the morphology and major divisions of the invertebrate phyla. Examples of physiological and behavioural adaptations of selected animals link morphology and evolution to the endless variety and fascination of the living world.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 2240F/G
Prerequisite(s): Biology 1222 or 1223
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 0.5 course. 3 hours online plus readings and assignments every 2 weeks.
Only offered on-line (see Distance Studies) - requires high speed access to the internet.
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Biology 2244A/B - Analysis & Intrepretation of Biological Data
Measurement, sampling, estimation, and statistical hypothesis testing are considered: theory, intuitive background, and practical relevance will be stressed.
Antirequisite(s): All other university level statistics courses including Statistical Sciences 2035, 2037A/B, 2122A/B, 2141A/B, Psychology 2810. Statistical Sciences 1024A/B is not an antirequisite.
Prerequisite(s): 1.0 Mathematics course or equivalent numbered 1000 or above.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
This half course may be used to meet the statistics requirement in the B.Sc. Biology modules. It may NOT be used in any degree as a 2000-level half course in Biology with a laboratory component.
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Biology 2290F/G - Scientific Method in Biology
A laboratory course designed to promote understanding of the scientific method by acquainting students with selected technical and conceptual tools that will enable them to generate, analyze and communicate data from experimental investigations of their own design in the areas of cell biology, population biology and genetics.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 290a/b.
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 5 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
Mandatory course in most modules offered by the Department of Biology.
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Biology 2382B - Cell Biology
Molecular and structural organization of cells in relation to function. Composition and dynamics of the plasma membrane and membrane-bound compartments in cells. Synthesis and trafficking of proteins. Cytoskeleton and cell motility. Membrane receptors in signal and energy transduction, cell-cell adhesion and recognition. Excitable membranes.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum grade of 60% in Biology 1222 or Biology 1223; Chemistry 1050; or the former Chemistry 1020 or Chemistry 023.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
Mandatory course in most modules offered by the Department of Biology.
Note: It is strongly recommended that Biochemistry 2280A be taken prior to this half course.
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Biology 2404A - Changing Plant Communities of Ontario
A study of the natural flora of Ontario, with emphasis on southwest Ontario. The course will deal with plants and their distribution pattern as affected by past and modern climates and technological change. Some field work included.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 1222 or Biology 1223.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 5 lecture/laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 2471A/B - Vertebrate Biology
The biology of vertebrates including evolution and structural adaptation in a variety of vertebrates. Emphasis will be on features of animal biology unique to the vertebrates.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 2483A - Ecology
An introduction to ecology, the scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Ecological concepts at the organism, population and ecosystem levels will be considered, including tolerance limits, life history evolution, competition, predation, population growth and control, and ecosystem dynamics.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
Mandatory course in most modules offered by the Department of Biology.
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Biology 2484A - Patterns in Life's Diversity
This course considers the large-scale patterns in the Earth's biota: patterns in life's diversification and extinction, changing the biota through time; patterns in the form and functioning of the organisms, reflected in biological classification; patterns in the global distribution of life's lineages, and in their major responses to Earth's diverse climate.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 1222 or 1223.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
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Biology 2485B - Environmental Biology
Basic principles of environmental biology, human ecology, ecosystem structure and function. Human population growth and its impact on soil, water, energy, agriculture and natural populations of plants and animals. Environmental problems created by resource exploitation and possible solutions.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 126.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 1222 or 1223; or registration in Human Ecology or Foods and Nutrition modules.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 2 tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 2486A - Evolution
Fundamental issues in evolutionary science will be covered, focusing on evolution by natural selection. Evolutionary processes will be examined from the mutation of genes to the generation of species. Course topics will include evolution as science, adaptation, sex and sexual selection, species concepts, and human evolution.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 2581B - Genetics
The structure, transmission and expression of genetic elements in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and populations.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223; Biochemistry 2280A.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
Mandatory course in most modules offered by the Department of Biology.  
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Biology 2660A/B - Introduction to Plant Development & Physiology
An introduction to plants as functional organisms. Emphasis is placed on the aspects of form and function that are unique to plants. Lecture topics emphasize physiology and include hormones, development, nutrition, water relations, movement and response to environmental stress. Laboratory topics emphasize anatomy and morphology but also include physiological experiments.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 205a.
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 2672A/B - Comparative Animal Physiology
The principles of animal physiology are examined from a comparative point of view. The physical, chemical and biochemical principles common to physiological systems and the variability in these systems in diverse animal groups is emphasized.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3218F/G - Biology of the Fungi
An introduction to the fungi with emphasis on their biology, ecology, genetics and interactions with other organisms, including humans. The fungi studied include those with motile cells in the Kingdom Chromista and the much more numerous species in the Eumycota - Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes - including those with yeast-like forms.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 318b.
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s): Biology 2581B.
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory/tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3220Z - Field Studies in Biology
Specialized field courses given by biologists from Ontario universities at various times during the year. Students should be prepared to meet travel and living expenses.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 320y.
Prerequisite(s): Permission of the Department of Biology. See the departmental office in January of each year for list of offerings, requirements, and credits. This course may be used as a half laboratory course.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: Sessions and hours by arrangement, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3222F/G - Selected Topics
Selected topics of current interest in Biology. The topics may vary each year. Specific topics will be available from the Department prior to registration.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223 and at least one half course in Biology at the 2200 level or above, or permission of the Department.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lectures hours. 1 tutorial/lecture hour. 0.5 course.
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Biology 3224F/G - Selected Topics
Selected topics of current interest in Biology. The topics may vary each year. The course is taught on-line and may require on-line attendance in a virtual classroom at set times during the week. Specific topics will be available from the Department prior to registration.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 60% in Biology 1222 or 1223 and at least one half course in Biology at the 2200 level or above, or permission of the Department.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 0.5 course. Distance Studies.
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Biology 3316A/B - Advanced Cell Biology
The functional organization and physiology of cells with special reference to cellular membranes, energetics, cell motility, cell specializations, and cell-cell interactions. The course is based on the interpretation of experimental observations.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A; Biology 2382B
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 2 demonstration/tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3326F/G - Cell Biology Laboratory
Training in current cell biological methods such as tissue culture, cell fractionation, computer-assisted microscopic analysis and immunocytochemistry.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 326a/b.
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A; a minimum mark of 70% in Biology 2382B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 5 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
(Enrolment may be limited.)
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Biology 3332A - Parasitology
Parasitism as a way of life; structures and life histories of selected parasites with emphasis on species affecting humans. The relationships between host and parasite will be stressed in lectures, recognition and identification in the laboratory. Living material will be studied when available.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A, Biology 2382B, or permission of the Department.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3338A - Developmental Biology
Principles underlying the molecular, biochemical, and cellular mechanisms by which an organism develops. Classic and contemporary perspectives in embryology and development.
Antirequisite(s):
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3404F/G - Evolution of Plants
This course provides an introduction to the major groups of photosynthetic organisms - now classified in three Domains and numerous Kingdoms. These organisms feed the world, produce many of today's medicines, and provide numerous ecosystem functions. Lectures emphasize diversity, evolutionary relationships and importance, and labs emphasize morphology and recognition.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 216a.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2483A and either Biology 2484A or 2485B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3421F - Plant Ecology
Current topics in plant ecology from three perspectives: (1) population and community dynamics with emphasis on those aspects that differ from animal-based models; (2) environmental influences; (3) applied plant ecology (e.g. phytoremediation, dendrochronology, invasive species).
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 403a.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory/tutorial hours. 0.5 course.
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Biology 3435F/G - Animal Ecology
The life history consequences of behavioral, physiological, and morphological adaptations. Ecological aspects of reproduction and growth. Energetics and the use of physiological indices in ecological studies.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Either Biology 2483A or 2486A.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3436F/G - Animal Behaviour
Introduction to the science of animal behavior with emphasis on the evolution and adaptive nature of behavior. A comparative experimental approach is used to illustrate topics such as the development, control, and organization of behavior, foraging, predation, mate choice, mating systems, parental care, communication, and social behavior.
Antirequisite(s): Psychology 3221F/G; the former Biology 336a.
Prerequisite(s): A half or full course equivalent statistics course chosen from: Biology 2244A/B (or equivalent courses: Statistical Sciences 2035, 2122A/B, 2141A/B, Psychology 2810). Note: Statistical Sciences 2037A/B is not acceptable.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s): Biology 2483A, 2486A is recommended.
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3440A/B - Ecology of Populations
Empirical and theoretical approaches to examine population dynamics and causes of population changes in space and time. Population processes are critical components of conservation biology and management of endangered species.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2483A.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3.0 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3442F/G - Conservation Biology
This course will introduce some of the fundamental concepts and issues in conservation biology. Conservation biology is examined from a historical, research, management, and political angle. Topics explored include discounting rates, the precautionary principle, invasive species, pollutants, global warming, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem function and conservation genetics.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2483A. Biology 2486A is recommended.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3445F - Community Ecology
An integrative approach to ecology, stressing the structure and function of communities. Theoretical explanations for diversity, stability and productivity across a variety of community types are evaluated in light of empirical evidence.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2483A.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3446B - Wildlife Ecology and Management
The application of ecological principles to the management of wildlife species. Topics include techniques, harvest, predation, habitat loss and management, stocking and reintroductions, and economics of wildlife. Identification and biology of game, pest and furbearing species in laboratories; films are used frequently.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2483A.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3466B - Evolutionary Genetics
The study of evolution in large and small random and non-random mating populations, showing discrete and quantitative inheritance. The roles and importance of mutation, inbreeding, drift, selection and linkage.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): One of Biology 2244A/B, Statistical Sciences 2035, 2122A/B, 2141A/BPsychology 2810; Biology 2581B; or permission of the Department. Biology 2486A is recommended.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3475A/B - Chemical Ecology
This course will examine how plants and animals use chemical cues to find essential resources, defend against natural enemies, locate suitable mates, and maintain social systems. How chemical ecology may be used to elucidate basic ecological problems and to provide more environmentally friendly pest management practices will also be discussed.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 1050; or the former Chemistry 1020 or 023; Biology 2483A.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3592A - Principles of Human Genetics
Genetic principles and their application to humans. Special attention will be directed to the genetic variation in our species, mutations, mechanisms of gene expression, and mapping the human genome.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A;Biology 2581B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3593B - Genetic Engineering
An accounting of the principles in genetics that have led to advances in animal and plant breeding earlier in this century; recombinant DNA and other technologies employed in contemporary biotechnology; and the basis for continued progress in genetic engineering.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 393G.
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A; Biology 2581B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3594A - DNA: Genome Organization, Mutagenesis and Repair
This course will cover concepts related to DNA organization, replication, mutagenesis and repair in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Lecture topics will include current literature in DNA mutagenesis and repair designed to permit direct examination of concepts, experimental design, methodology, data analysis and future trends.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A; Biology 2581B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3595A - Advanced Genetics
This course will use examples from diverse biological systems to expand basic genetic principles such as mutation, recombination, gene and genome evolution, complex inheritance and functional genomics. Current research information will be used to inform discussion of the implication and applications of these topics.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum grade of 70% in Biology 2581B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3596A/B - Genomics and Beyond: A Laboratory Course
A practical introduction to modern experimental approaches in genetics and molecular biology as applied to such topics as genomics (gene identification and classification), functional genomics (genome expression profiles) and bioinformatics (computational genomic analysis).
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 390a and 391b.
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 70% in each of Biology 2290F/G and Biology 2581B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture/tutorial hours, 4 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3597A/B - Regulation of Gene Expression
A discussion of the genetic material and molecular mechanisms governing its expression in a variety of organisms.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 390a, 391b.
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A; Biology 2581B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3598A/B - Behavioural Genetics
The roles of genes and genetic variation in the evolution and expression of animal behaviour are examined. Major themes include the population genetics and quantitative genetics of behaviour, the molecular biology of gene discovery, and the evolution of behavioural traits, including social traits, as studied through vertebrate and invertebrate model systems.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2581B
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 2 tutorial hours, 0.5 course
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Biology 3625F/G - Techniques in Physiology & Biochemistry
Training in current techniques used in physiology and biochemistry. Emphasis is placed on the functional integration of systems from the molecules to the whole organism level and the assignment of function to genes. Techniques include chromatography, electrophoresis, protein and nucleic acid blotting, enzyme assays and whole organism or organelle measurements.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 325a/b.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 1 lecture/tutorial hour, 5 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3651A/B - Environmental Animal Physiology
A comparative approach to the physiological regulatory mechanisms of animals and cells in relation to the environment (radiation, temperature, pressure, water and ions) in which the animal lives. The mechanisms by which information is received and processed by sensory, neural and endocrine systems are described.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A; Biology 2382B; 2672A/B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 3660A/B - Advanced Plant Physiology
Physiology and biochemistry of plants with emphasis on primary plant metabolism, including: photosynthesis, respiration, photorespiration, and nutrient assimilation. Other topics include plant-soil relationships, herbicides, phytoremediation, photomorphogenesis, medicinal plants, plant products and alternative fuels.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 305a.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2660A/B or the former Biology 205a, or permission of the Department.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4218A - Microorganisms & Plant Disease
Plant diseases caused by abiotic and biotic factors with emphasis on effects of important pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungi. Relationships between host, pathogen and environmental factors, epidemiology and methods of control.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 3218F/G, or permission of the Department.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4223F/G - Marine Environments
The ecological and physiological challenges posed to animal communities of marine (including intertidal, benthic, planktonic, coral reef and deep-sea) environments. Topics include: feeding, movement, defence, developmental and life cycle strategies of animals in these environments. Invertebrate examples dominate discussion but a previous course in invertebrate zoology is not a prerequisite.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses at the 3000 level or above.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture/tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4230A/B - Ecosystem Health
A characterization of ecosystems, contaminants, and the human health concerns. Course material will cover the production, transport, transformation and fate of environmental contaminants, with an emphasis on their anthropogenic impacts. Emphasis will include the assessment of human health exposure and biomarkers of environmentally associated disease.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2483A or permission of the instructor or registration in year 4 or an Honors Specialization offered by the Department of Biology, Enviromental Science or the Basic Medical Sciences Department or a Major in Ecosystem Health.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4243G - Political Biology
The biological consequences of human activities for the biotic world and particularly human beings and their institutions. Direct physical and chemical effects upon metabolism, development, adaptation, genes, and population structure. Indirect effects through climatic change, population density, social conditions and changed patterns of survival. Predictions and mechanisms for influencing the future.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 443b.
Prerequisite(s): Biochemistry 2280A; Biology 2382B; Biology 2483A; and completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses at the 3000 level or above.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4257Z - Field Studies in Biology
Specialized field courses given by biologists from Ontario universities at various times during the year. Students should be prepared to meet travel and living expenses.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 457y.
Prerequisite(s): Permission of the Department. See the Department of Biology office in January each year for list of offerings, requirements, and credits. This may be used as a half laboratory course.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: Sessions and hours by arrangement, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4258Z - Field Studies in Biology
Specialized field courses given by biologists from Ontario universities at various times during the year. Students should be prepared to meet travel and living expenses.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 458y.
Prerequisite(s): Permission of the Department. See the Department of Biology office in January each year for list of offerings, requirements, and credits. This may be used as a half laboratory course.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: Sessions and hours by arrangement, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4259F - Research Hypothesis Testing
This course will equip students with some of the basics of experimental design and statistical analysis useful for understanding, conducting and presenting biological research. The emphasis is on practical application rather than theory, and on problems of particular concern in biological studies.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 444a.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2244A/B or one of: Statistical Sciences 2035, 2122A/B, 2141A/B, Psychology 2810; and completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses at the 3000 level or above.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4289A/B - Biosystemics and Phyologenetics
An overview of modern approaches to the classification and identification of living organisms, dealing with such topics as molecular evolution, the theory of biological systematics, phylogenetics, DNA fingerprinting, the Tree of Life and Barcoding projects, and bioinformatics.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2581B and completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses at the 3000 level or above.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 2 tutorial hour, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4338G - Advanced Developmental Biology
An analysis of specific topics in the embryology and development of model organisms. The course will focus primarily on genetic and biochemical pathways which have been conserved between distantly related organisms.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 438b.
Prerequisite(s): A minimum grade of 75% in Biology 3338A or the former Biology 338b.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory/ tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4345A - Microscopy and Imaging in Biology
A survey of modern microscopy and imaging techniques in biology. Emphasis on practical and theoretical experience with light and fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and new fluorescent molecules used in imaging. Students generate, process and assemble their own images electronically for publication quality plates.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 3326F/G or permission of the Department.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4405F/G - Ecosystem Ecology
This course traces the flow of water, energy, and nutrients from their abiotic origins, to their cycles through microbes, plants, and animals. This course will synthesize current advances in ecology with established theory to offer a comprehensive survey of ecosystem pattern and process.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2483A.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours. 0.5 course.
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Biology 4436F/G - Behavioural Ecology
A study of the relationships between animal behavior, ecology and evolution. Topics include: behavioral genetics and learning; mating systems, reproductive strategies and parental investment; foraging behavior, predation and competition; social groups and communication.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 3436F/G or Psychology 3221F/G and either completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses from the 3000 level or above, or registration in year 4 of the Honors Specialization in Animal Behaviour.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory/seminar hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4441F - Special Topics in Evolution
A critical examination of topics in evolutionary biology such as levels of selection, speciation, patterns of diversification, origin and radiation of selected groups, biogeography, and taxonomy and phylogeny.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 441a.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2486A and either completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses from the 3000 level or above, or registration in year 4 of the Honors Specialization in Animal Behaviour.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory/discussion hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4540G - Developmental Genetics
A comparative analysis of genetics principles underlying axial patterning, sex determination, epigenetic phenomena and other developmental pathways in a select group of model organisms.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 440b.
Prerequisite(s): Either Biology 3338A or the former Biology 390a or permission of the Department of Biology.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 3 laboratory hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4560B - Human Molecular Genetics
This course will offer an up-to-date examination of the current status of human genetics with emphasis on the molecular information. The specific course content is expected to change from year to year reflecting research progress, including the human genome project.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 3592A and 3596A/B (or the former Biology 390a or 391b); one additional 0.5 course in Biology at the 3000 level or above; and registration in year 4 of an Honors Specialization module offered through the Department of Biology or a Major in Genetics.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4561F - Genes & Genomes l
An examination of the current concepts of organization, transmission and expression of eukaryotic genes in the context of the chromosome. Topics to be covered include chromatin organization and composition, genomic rearrangements, techniques for mapping genes and manipulating genomes.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 461a.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 3596A/B; and one of the following: Biology 3594A, 3595A, 3597B or the former Biology 390a or 391b; and one additional 0.5 course in Biology at the 3000 level or above; and registration in year 4 of an Honors Specialization module or a Major in Genetics offered through the Department of Biology.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4562B - Genes & Genomes ll
An examination of our understanding of the organization, structure and function of the genes and genomes of plants, emphasizing recent developments in plant molecular genetics involving model organisms. Topics include plant gene expression, mapping of plant genes, molecular tools for DNA transfer, the interrelationship of nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genes.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses at the 3000 level or above; and registration in year 4 of an Honors Specialization module or a Major in Genetics offered through the Department of Biology; or permission of the instructor.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 2 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4582 - Investigative Techniques in Genetics
A study of the techniques currently used in the various disciplines of genetics.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): A minimum mark of 70% in each of Biology 3596A/B and 1.0 course from: Biology 3466B, 3592A, 3593B, 3594A, 3595A, 3597B, the former Biology 390a, 391b; and registration in year 4 of an Honors Specialization in Genetics or permission of the Genetics Undergraduate Coordinator.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 4 laboratory hours, 1.0 course.
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Biology 4607G - Plant Secondary Metabolism
A study of the role and biosynthesis of the diverse array of secondary natural products produced by plants. Secondary metabolites are divided into three main classes: alkaloids, isoprenoids/poly acetates and phenolics. For each class, the biosynthesis, physiology, ecology and biological activity of representative compounds will be discussed.
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 407b.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 3660A/B (or the former Biology 305a), Chemistry 2213A/B.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
Offered in even-numbered years.
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Biology 4608G - Environmental Plant Physiology
The impact of environment on plant function and adaptation. Topics include the radiation environment, use of radiation to sense environmental change, carbon metabolism and productivity, inorganic nutrients and the rhizosphere, responses to environmental stress (water, temperature, radiation and aerial pollution).
Antirequisite(s): The former Biology 408b.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2660A/B (or the former Biology 205a); registration in a Biology module and completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses at the 3000 level or above. Biology 3660A/B is recommended.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4611F/G - Physiology of Animal Migration
The study of animal migration, focusing on migration as a life history trait, integrating physiology and biochemistry with ecological and evolutionary processes.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s): Biology 2672A/B or Physiology 3120 or permission of the Department and either completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses from the 3000 level or above, or registration in year 4 of the Honors Specialization in Animal Behaviour.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4931F/G - Seminar in Physiology
Current topics in physiology critically reviewed through faculty and student seminars.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 4932F/G, 4941E, 4943E, 4946E.
Prerequisite(s): Biology 3651A/B or 3660A/B or Physiology 3120 (or the former Physiology 310); and completion of at least 1.0 additional Biology courses at the 3000 level or above; and registration in year 4 or an Honors Specialization Module offered by the Department of Biology.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture/tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4932F/G - Seminar in Conservation Biology
This course exposes students to detailed analysis of topical issues in Conservation Biology. Student led discussions of the science, politics and non-government organization activities relating to issues ranging from local to international scale will expose students to the many aspects of conservation biology.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 4931F/G, 4941E, 4943E, 4946E
Prerequisite(s): Biology 3442F/G; and completion of at least 1.0 additional Biology course at the 3000 level or above; and registration in year 4 of an Honors Specialization module offered by the Department of Biology, or a Major in Conservation Biology.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture/tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4941E - Seminar in Biology
A critical review and evaluation of scientific papers and laboratory data in a series of seminars, involving guest speakers and student participation, to give training in the technique of presentation of scientific reports.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 4931F/G, 4932F/G, 4943E, 4946E.   
Prerequisite(s): Completion of at least 1.5 Biology courses at the 3000 level or above and registration in year 4 of an Honors Specialization module offered through the Department of Biology.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 lecture/tutorial hours, 1.0 course.
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Biology 4943E - Seminar in Genetics
Topics to be chosen each year to integrate and augment the study of genetics as presented in other genetics courses.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 4931F/G, 4932F/G, 4941E, 4946E.
Prerequisite(s): A minimum grade of 70% in Biology 3596A/B and enrolment in year 4 of the Honors Specialization in Genetics, or permission of the Genetics Undergraduate Coordinator.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 seminar/tutorial hours, 1.0 course.
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Biology 4946E - Seminar in Cell Biology
Current topics in cell biology, critically reviewed through faculty and student seminars. Required course in the Honors Specialization in Cell and Developmental Biology.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 4931F/G, 4932F/G, 4941E, 4943E.
Prerequisite(s): Registration in year 4 of the Honors Specialization in Cell and Developmental Biology module and completion of Biology 3316A and 3326F/G and an additional 0.5 Biology course   at the 3000 level or above.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 3 seminar/tutorial hours, 1.0 course.
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Biology 4970F/G - Independent Study in Biology
A project course in a particular field under the direction of a faculty member.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 4999E, the former Biology 450F/G, 451F/G.
Prerequisite(s): Registration in year 4 of an Honors Specialization module offered by the Department of Biology. Students must have arranged a project with a supervisor before completing registration. A current listing of projects is available from the Biology Department Office. See research notice boards for areas of specialization of the faculty and fields available.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: 8 laboratory/tutorial hours, 0.5 course.
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Biology 4999E - Honors Research Thesis
A major laboratory or field project in Biology that emphasizes experimental design, instrumentation, collection and analysis of data and communication of experimental results by oral and written presentations.
Antirequisite(s): Biology 4970F/G or the former Biology 451F/G
Prerequisite(s): Registration in year 4 of an Honors Specialization module offered through the Department of Biology. Students must have arranged a project with a supervisor before completing registration. In the Spring see Biology notice boards for research areas of specialization of the faculty and fields available.
Corequisite(s):
Pre-or Corequisite(s):
Extra Information: Minimum 15 laboratory hours per week and during the first term an additional 2 seminar hours per week; 1.5 course.
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Academic Calendar 2009 UNDERGRADUATE COURSE INFORMATION Biology (S)
Decision Academic